Structural Comparison of Hydroxyapatite from Clam Shell Waste and Eggshell Waste Compared to Commercial Synthetic Hydroxyapatite
Abstract
Introduction: This study compares the quality of hydroxyapatite in Anadara granosa waste and laying chicken eggshell waste to commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite.
Materials and methods: This experimental research included 27 samples of hydroxyapatite derived from clam shell waste (CSW-HAP), hydroxyapatite derived from eggshell waste (ESW-HAP), and commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite, with nine samples of each. The calcination method was used to process clam shell waste and eggshell waste into hydroxyapatite, which was then compared with synthetic hydroxyapatite from Bongros® for calcium and phosphate content. Scanning electron microscopy was used to compare their morphological structures.
Result: The mean calcium levels in the CW-HAP, EW-HAP, and control groups were 41.3±2.9%, 41.5±2.3%, and 39.6±5.0%, respectively. According to One Way ANOVA, there was no significant difference between the CW-HAP or EW-HAP groups and the control group (p=0.49). The mean phosphate levels in the CW-HAP, EW-HAP, and control groups were 8.1±1.2%, 8.1±1.3%, and 9.4±2.0%, respectively. The results were also not significant (p=0.146).
Conclusion: Clam shell waste and eggshells can be an alternative source of hydroxyapatite substitution, as demonstrated by the structural and porous formation of hydroxyapatite obtained from these sources (CW-HAP and EW-HAP) when compared to commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite.
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